PERSUASIONS ON-LINE V.28, NO.2 (Spring 2008)

A la Señorita Austen: An Overview of Spanish Adaptations

 

 

Mari Carmen Romero SÁnchez

Mari Carmen Romero Sánchez (email: mcarmensan@hotmail.com) is an industrial engineer recently graduated from the University of Málaga (Spain).  She shares with her sister Almudena Romero a website about Jane Austen called “El Sitio de Jane” (http://janeausten.org.es/).  She also administers “El salon de té,” a forum about Austen in Spanish (http://www.janeausten.mforos.com).

Versión Española

 

Apart from a couple of Indian versions, we have grown accustomed to seeing adaptations of Jane Austen’s novels coming from countries whose language is English.  This has not always been the case.  Television adaptations in other languages date from the middle of the twentieth century.  Spain was no exception:  Jane Austen was adapted four times from 1966 to 1972, including the first adaptation of Northanger Abbey in the world.  This essay will describe these films, as well as the way in which Jane Austen’s books have been characteristically translated and  transposed in Spain and other Spanish-speaking countries.

 


Orgullo y Prejuicio (1966)

  

Views of Austen in nineteenth-century Spain 

 

Jane Austen’s novels were not easily translated into Spanish, whether in Spain or other Spanish-speaking countries around the world.  Translations into other languages like French date from the beginning of the nineteenth century (Moreno 171), but there were none in Spanish.  As the nineteenth century progressed, there were many French and a few English novels translated into Spanish (Pajares 345).  Spanish editions of English novels had a double filter:  they were translations of French translations, adaptations adapted again to suit Spanish tastes.  Hence we have a double modification:  the change from the original English to the French taste, and then, again, to the Spanish one, with the additional impositions of censorship and social demands.  Furthermore, French and Spanish readers of the moment preferred simple stories, without the English moral concepts or additional subplots usual in English novels:  books like Tom Jones were cut to be brief and have a proper moral according to the beliefs and thoughts of the Spanish and French (Pajares 346).  It is likely, then, that Austen was not translated from French to Spanish because of her ironical point of view; maybe her irony obscured the moral perspective desired (but not understood) by Spanish editors at the time.

 

Small circles of nineteenth-century Spanish readers were aware of Austen’s work.  In the middle of the nineteenth century, the novelist Alcalá Galiano emphasized that the Spanish audience should know English literature, finding a great common connection in poetry and drama (García Barrón 158).  He considered Austen’s works “safe” reading:  “Miss Austin’s [sic] minor works are very moral, without being pedantic at all.”1   We find another positive reference to Jane Austen in Manuel de la Revilla and Pedro de Alcántara Garcia’s Principios generales de literatura e historia de la literatura españolaHere, in a discussion of satire, Austen does not stand out but is included among the most distinguished writers:  “English literature is richer in these productions; it offers a great number of notable satirical works, in prose and verse.  Swift (1667-1745), Sterne (1713-1768), Lord Byron, Moore, Austin [sic], are the most distinguished satirists from England.  But the usual form of satire there is the novel.”2

 

One of the greatest Spanish female writers of the nineteenth century, Emilia Pardon Bazán, also had an opinion about this English writer.  In La Cuestión Palpitante, a work about naturalism admired by Zola, Bazán wrote an essay about the spreading of modern literary ideas in Spain.3   Here, she discusses Austen within the context of female authors:  “Women started to conquer the territory that now belongs to them.  They used to read with great desire the Moral Tales of miss Edgeworth, and the names of miss Mary Russell Milford [sic], miss Austen, mistress Opie, lady Morgan, mistress Shelly [sic] were starting to sound.”4  Talking about George Eliot in an appendix to this text, Pardon Bazán also commented on the influence of being the daughter of a clergyman and the didactic lessons that these women included in their books:

 

Let us observe the most known writers, and they owe their lives to ministers, rectors and vicars, Jane Austen, Jorge Elliot, Frances Trollope (head of the numerous and celebrated Trollope family of novelists), the very well known Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell, Eliza Linn Linton, Elizabeth Gaskell (daughter of a reverend and wife of another, for more signs). . . . But not for that is it less true what I say about the didactical nature with which those priestesses imprint their letters.5 

 

Austen’s novels translated

 

Not until the beginning of the twentieth century were there Spanish translations of Jane Austen’s works.  Spanish readers had to wait until the publishing house Calpé included Jane Austen in their collections of Clásicos Universales, along with Tolstoi and Shakespeare.  First was Persuasion in 1919, a risky selection due to its difficulty of translation (Crespo Allué, La problemática 450).  Pride and Prejudice and Northanger Abbey were published too, and Jane Austen was described as follows:  “With a deep psychology, Jane Austen pierces souls and shows them with naturalness and a total lack of technical devices, so her novels are perfect narrations, with penetrating and soft emotion.”6   This description suggests that Jane Austen was considered a psychological writer who writes about English society and its characters.

 

After that first attempt at introducing Jane Austen into the Spanish literary world, there were no more editions until after the Spanish Civil War, during the 1940s.  In this decade, the complete novels were translated with fairly literal titles such as Persuasión, La Abadía de Northanger, Emma, Orgullo y Prejuicio, Cordura y Sensibilidad, and El Parque Mansfield.  We also find Spanish versions of Jane Austen published in Latin America, with editions from Argentina appearing in the 1940s and 1950s.7

 

As years passed, more editions were published.  Some of them—by Manuel Ortega y Gasset (brother of the well known philosopher), Isabel Oryazabal, or José J. de Urríes de Azara—were new translations or simply corrections of the first Spanish editions.  Because Jane Austen was unknown to the general reader, the introductions usually gave a brief biography and they also emphasized the wonderful quality of Jane Austen’s use of language.  Unfortunately, as Díaz Bild remarks about most of the translations, they tended to distort and even impoverish the original:  there were archaisms, incorrect expressions, awkward syntax, word omissions, distortions of the original meanings, and even unnecessary changes (191).

 

From 1950 onwards, there were also books illustrated by artists such as Jose Luis Florit and Marta Ribas, among a few others. Florit’s drawings for Pride and Prejudice (Cumbre, 1956) consist of twenty-four lithographs—eight of them with a bit of color—that have a mid-nineteenth-century setting more suitable for Little Women than for Jane Austen.  Ribas’s drawings for Persuasion (Juventud, 1958) are beautiful linear sketches in black and white, not only very accurate to the Regency period but also very meaningful.

 


Cover of Persuasion by Marta Ribas

  

Beginning in the 1960s, Jane Austen started to be known more widely due to both television adaptations and the works of several critics, such as the Mexican writer Sergio Pitol.  For instance, in 1978, the journalist M. José Segura Velasco talked about Austen as an example of the role of the woman writer, drawing on Austen’s own self-description from her letters:

 

Jane Austen displayed this gift of intelligence, yet it was not just irony that made her say one day that her work materials were from the close observation of the life of three or four village families.  With this, she showed an observant talent that was able to handle characters, status, and, most important, how these elements become adequate as ferment of her literary creation.8

 

Although, as we have seen, Austen has been published in Spain through the years, she was not fully studied in Spanish universities.  According to Díaz Bild, English literature and language as a university program of study began in Spain in the 1950s, but little published research appeared until the 1980s (195).  And although Austen’s work is known and studied by undergraduates nowadays, Spanish scholars follow the main trends in Anglo-American criticism and are not very interested in research about her work or its influence in Spain itself.

 

By the time, then, that Hollywood turned its cinematic eyes in a sustained way to the writer in the 1990s, Jane Austen had begun to be much more familiar to Spanish and Spanish-speaking audiences.  During the 1990s even her lesser works were published, and she was also translated into other languages spoken in some parts of Spain like Catalan, Galician, or Basque.  At the moment, it is easy to find her books in paperback “newsagent’s” editions and even her lesser-known works in hardback editions, so we can equate her popularity in Spain to that of the Brontë sisters.  Yet, there is a drawback:  sometimes the common reader confuses her works with romance novels, something that should be avoided.

 


Some Spanish editions

 

 The first Hollywood adaptation

 

The first Austen film adaptation to be successful in Spain was the 1940 Hollywood film Pride and Prejudice directed by Robert Z. Leonard, released in Spain in 1945 with the title Más Fuerte Que el Orgullo (Stronger than Pride).  The world situation was delicate.  World War II was over, Europe was devastated, and Franco’s dictatorship had begun.  An example of the film’s marketing in Spanish newspapers is this description:

 

Five beautiful girls searching for a husband.  One is bold, another dazzling, another astute, another rebellious and one intelligent.  Will they get their goal?  Seeing the film will answer the question.  Evocation of a period in which girls who wanted a fiancé had to sham the contrary.  A comedy which will make you laugh, inspired by a Jane Austen novel read and admired by more than ten million readers.9

 

Perhaps the Spanish release of the film was one of the reasons for the publication of Jane Austen’s novels in the 1940s in Spain and Spanish-speaking countries. 

 

European literature on Novela

 

Before the popularity of the 1990s, Jane Austen’s novels had of course already been translated to Spanish audiences by way of the public broadcasting channel—TVE—in the 1960s.  The channel, created in 1956, broadcast programs based on books, a genre derived from the radio.  These shows were so successful—especially drama in Estudio 1 or novels in Novela—that among a population of 30,000,000 (INE), 7% or more of the people used to watch them everyday (Palacio 70)—and not all households in Spain had a television set.  In the 1960s, too, Spain benefited from the economic advances and new openness of ideas accompanying the Franco dictatorship during that moment because of the new international recognition of the country.  People started to buy TV sets in order to enjoy TVE, which concentrated its efforts on shows like quizzes, sports, drama and foreign-produced series such as The Fugitive and The Saint.

 

Novela, starting in 1963, adapted famous novels or biographies into 20-minute segments.  It was broadcast daily, from Monday to Friday at 3:40 p.m., with each series extending to 10 or 20 chapters.  The episodes were shown live from Prado del Rey (Madrid) or Miramar (Barcelona) studios.  Since 1964, videotape was used as the recording system but with the inconvenience that the video devices had to be connected without stop during the 20-minute periods.  Every Monday, at 2 p.m., the recording of the second chapter began, and promptly at 3:40 p.m., the first chapter was shown live.  After finishing it, cast and crew continued to work until the evening, which meant two or three chapters more (Espín).  The tapes were the two-inch type, and sometimes they were recorded over, so unfortunately some of these episodes have been lost forever.

 

The chapters and scripts were supervised by Franco’s censors, who also supervised people’s morals, religion, and politics.  For example, they banned “incorrect” words such as “kingdom” in Hamlet (Spain had no kings during its dictatorship), or “vengeance” in El Conde de Montecristo (The Count of Montecristo).  Kisses on the mouth were banned, so actors would kiss ears or necks.  Ironically, despite the censorship’s intentions and interventions, the result was often even more romantic or erotic.

 

In 1966, technology advanced but was still very limited.  Big productions using outdoor locations, like El Conde de Montecristo or Little Dorrit, were made.  The crew for these productions was magnificent, with a wonderful cast drawn from the Spanish cinema or the theatre.  Directors like Pedro Amalio López (a Berlin winner) or Pilar Miró (Berlin & Venice Jury Member and director of El Crimen de Cuenca, among others), and writers and players such as Antonio Gala (writer of El Manuscrito Carmesí [The Crimson Manuscript]), Adolfo Marsillach (star of Ramon & Cajal, among others), and Fernando Fernán Gómez (winner of Venice Film Festival in 1984 and one of most famous actors in Spain) took part in these projects.

 

In 1966, Novela was so successful that it had another, more prominent programming slot, directly before the evening news bulletin.  The recording system for the nights was slower:  two and a half hours of programming were made in two or three days of work.

 

Jane Austen’s novels on Spanish television

 

From the years 1966 to 1972, four of Jane Austen’s novels were adapted and broadcast:  Pride and Prejudice, Emma, Northanger Abbey, and Persuasion.  These novels were thought to fit in the moral code of Spanish society, where women’s destiny was marriage, and where values were based on a traditional Roman Catholic morality.  There was no doubt about the value of marriage or proper feminine behavior in the novels.

 

A survey of the TVE adaptations of Austen’s novels follows.  For additional information about cast and crew, please see the appendix.10

 

Pride and Prejudice (25 April to 6 May 1966, at 9 p.m.)

 

This adaptation of ten chapters was directed by Alberto González Vergel, who had experience in theatre.  The script was written by José Méndez Herrera, winner of a National Translation Prize in 1962 for translating the works of Shakespeare (ACETT).

 


The Bennet girls

 

The plot of this adaptation seems to have kept close to the novel:  Mrs. Benet (rather than Bennet) tries to marry off the five pretty sisters, and her indiscretion causes the suffering of her daughters.  There were, however, some changes made in the adaptation.  Some of the characters’ names were altered:  Jane became Jenny, Lydia was Lina, and Caroline became Carol.  The changes were not random but made in order that the audience could understand British names.  These new names were also fashionable in 1960s Spain. 

 


Rehearsal of Orgullo y Prejuicio

 

In addition, the sets were closer to Spanish than to British houses, and costumes were of the 1840s because they were re-used from other series of Novela.  (In fact, in order to keep production costs down and so that they could be used again, the scenery and costumes of the first year’s shows were always from the mid-nineteenth century.)

 

The show was successful, and some magazines, such as La Hora, even ran a picture of Jane Austen on the cover in response to the filmic adaptation.  The magazine included passages from the first chapters of Pride and Prejudice and focused on Mr. Collins until he is rejected by Lizzy.  Oddly, there is no mention of Mr. Darcy in this article. 

 


Cover of La Hora 

 

Emma (13 to 24 November 1967, at 3:40 p.m.)

 

Emma was also composed of ten twenty-minute chapters, and it was directed by Manuel Aguado.  The script was written by Hermogenes Sainz, the playwright who successfully adapted Nobel laureate Santiago Ramón y Cajal’s biography in 1980.  The action was situated in 1810, beginning as Emma and Mr. Woodhouse complain about her governess’s marriage.  Emma’s plot seems to be similar to that of Austen’s novel, with the notable exception of a party organized for the Eltons by Emma, due to Mr. Woodhouse’s pressure.  Again, some characters’ names are changed:  for example, Miss Taylor becomes Ana, and Robert Martin becomes James.  Mr. Elton was played by Pastor Serrador, much older than his character in the novel; Pepe Martín and Lola Herrera—Frank and Jane—would have the leading roles in Northanger Abbey.

 

Northanger Abbey (25 November to 6 December 1968, at 3:50 p.m.)

 

The first-ever adaptation of Northanger Abbey for television had ten chapters. It was directed by Pedro Amalio López, a classic TVE director who had won prizes in Berlin and Montecarlo and who had gained fame with his versions of Salem’s Witches and Julio Cesar.  The adaptation was scripted by Ricardo López Aranda, a young and prize-winning playwright (“Guiones”).  In it, Catalina (Catherine) and Isabel (Isabella) both fall in love with Henry, whose mother was killed in the abbey.  Catalina wants to fight her fears in Henry’s house, where she investigates each family member.  As in a detective story, everything is resolved in Northanger Abbey, where Isabel also visits.

 

According to Diario de Barcelona, the female viewers were able to admire the literary art of one of the best eighteenth- and nineteenth-century English writers, and they could see the plot trend of the period, of which Jane Austen was almost a precursor.  The critic also emphasized the need for this kind of adaptation of writers deserving of a prominent place in literary history.  La Abadía de Northanger, Diario’s critic proclaimed, “was a television exponent of literature.”11

 

Pepe Martín was a dashing hero.  He starred in most of the novels and used to kiss every leading lady—the reason why he was called “el besucón” (the smoocher).  Martín became so famous among women for his role as Edmund Dantés in El Conde de Montecristo that his popularity was like that of Colin Firth during the Darcymania of the 1990s.

 


Pepe Martín as Edmund Dantés

 

Due to this extreme success, he went to Argentina and Chile for a couple of years.  Among this adaptation’s curiosities is an anecdote Pepe Martín recalled in a television show.  He recounted that for this film Lola Herrera, playing Catalina, had sellotape on the ends of her eyes in order to become, according to the 1960s fashion, more “Eastern-looking” and attractive.  In the final love scene, which had to be recorded in one take, one of the bits of sellotape fell off.  Herrera started to laugh and cry, holding Martín, who started to laugh too.  Because of the way the two actors embraced and kissed, nobody could see that one of the pieces of tape had fallen, so everybody congratulated them, thinking that their emotion was their way of showing their characters’ love—in other words, their good acting (Espín).

 

Persuasion (14 to 25 February 1972, at 8:30 p.m.)

 

In 1972, TVE underwent more technical advances; the recording process, for instance, became simpler.  Persuasion was shown as the first adaptation of the Sesión Inglesa (English Season), in which other British classics were adapted (Baget, Historia 283).

 


Scene from Persuasión

 

It was shown after The Man Who Laughs by Victor Hugo and before Shirley by Charlotte Brontë.  Federico Ruiz directed this adaptation of ten chapters from a script written by Hermógenes Sainz.  Photographs of the series indicate the use of more authentic period costumes and scenery.

 

In the first episode Ana (Anne), before going to Bath, meets fine Michael Trent, the name that Captain Frederick Wentworth was given in the series.  In episode six, Ana goes to Bath, happy about the place but sad about not seeing her love.  There her snobbish family wants her to meet real aristocracy, but she goes to see her friend Mrs. Smith.  After that, Ana finds out that Admiral Croft is sick and that Michael Trent is travelling to Bath, where they again meet.

 


Mayte Blasco and Juan Diego as Ana and Michael Trent

 

Mr. William Elliot is an obstacle for them, especially during the Bath concert, because Trent becomes jealous.  Ana realizes that everybody thinks she has a relationship with Mr. Elliot, but in the end everything is solved in Sir Walter’s house, where she says goodbye to her cousin and meets Michael.

 

I cannot ascertain the existence of Wentworth’s letter in this adaptation.  The oldest Spanish editions of the novel have the letter, but we do not know if those editions or another with the cancelled chapters (published by R. W. Chapman in 1926) were used for the adaptation.  We can, however, compare this version to the 2007 ITV Television version, where, as in the cancelled chapters, the climax is almost in Sir Walter’s house.

 


Mayte Blasco as Ana

 

The end of the Novela adaptations

 

The success of this kind of drama started to diminish in 1972 due to the changing tastes of the Spanish people, who began to prefer modern adaptations like Death of a Salesman or short films like La Cabina, which brought the first Emmy award to the channel (Baget, “40 años” 47).  This change in taste could also be explained by a change in public opinion.  The Spanish in the 1970s lived under a modern dictatorship with a dying Franco; during this time, society became more open, and other countries, as well as modern social movements, began to influence Spain.  This openness was greater than that of the 1960s because ethics became relaxed:  family values changed, and marriage was no longer an “obligation” for women.

 

As society had developed, culture and education had made the viewers more critical.  Some discordant voices pled for accuracy in translations and realism in plots.  In the words of José María Rodríguez, “I don’t know average or accurate adaptations, respectful ones that keep up the language and original preoccupations of the manipulated novels; although I don’t deny that there were some of them. . . . I have attended to the most strange curious murders and shady deals that can be committed with some degree of ingenuity in the novel of the last century.”12  There was a feeling of boredom with the conventional dramatic series.  According to Díaz-Plaja, “In all the years I have watched it, all the scenery is from the nineteenth century, all the characters are sad, and the plots are so complicated. . . . But there is also another common point in all these novels, and that is their foreign origin.”13

 

Since period drama still appealed to the feminine viewer, it was still shown on television.  Its style, however, went from theatrical to a cinematographic—from stage-like productions to more naturalistic settings—under the influence of foreign series like The Forsyte Saga or Leonardo DaVinci (Diego 2-3).

 

The impact of adaptations from Hollywood and Great Britain

 

As I have said above, except for Leonard’s Pride and Prejudice, no other adaptations of Jane Austen’s novels were made or shown in Spain until Novela in the 1960s.  After the end of Novela, Grandes Relatos, a new television series, appeared in the late 1970s.  It was scheduled from Mondays to Thursdays at prime time—10:00 p.m.—and featured foreign and Spanish adaptations of period dramas.  In April 1980, the BBC Pride and Prejudice directed by Cyril Coke was televised.  That series was not very successful because it was preceded by Poldark, a tremendous hit, which even won the popular Tele-Programa Award for “Best Character” in 1980 (“Listado”).  Moreover, during the broadcast of Pride and Prejudice, TVE was in the midst of a big marketing campaign for a homemade series:  Fortunata y Jacinta, a remarkable adaptation of the novel by Benito Perez Galdós.  Therefore, when Pride and Prejudice was shown, the audience was both still under Poldark’s charm and more interested in the upcoming series.  The newspaper El Pais defined the problem:

 

In TVE, Pride and Prejudice almost walked in on tiptoes, with shy discretion, as though devastated, [coming just] after the exaggeration of Poldark . . . and on the eve of the Fortunata y Jacinta’s national display.  Light years of cultural and television education will be needed in order to appreciate this product of rare quality, wonderfully translated into “British,” with exceptional dialogue.  Neither our television nor our audience were ready for this small surprise.  In full Romanticism, even the great master of the historical novel, Sir Walter Scott, was fascinated by the works of the discreet Jane Austen.  For the Spanish market, it is difficult going from Ivanhoe to the Bennett [sic] sisters.14

 

As Villodres remarked, “Pride and Prejudice by the English writer Jane Austen leaves without pain or glory this week.  This perfectionist and surprisingly beautiful work, especially in shape, atmosphere and scenery, gives way to a Spanish Grandes Relatos this Wednesday.”15

 

Some critics seemed satisfied with the adaptation of Austen’s novel. Baget Herms wrote:

 

It is justice to mention one more time the refined technique of the BBC producers and the benefit they derive from their group of excellent actors. . . . The art of making a novel in its pure state agrees perfectly with the technique of Jane Austen, who develops the characters and situations with elegance and finesse and makes easy the task of television script writers. . . . The talent of the actors—firstly the subtle beauty of Elizabeth Bennett [sic]—does the rest.16

 

The Madrid newspaper El País also ran a great introduction to Austen’s works, praising the series and explaining the Spanish vision of the writer and the series:

 

Who cares about the dull adventures of five British young ladies from the rural gentry, obsessed with marriage, in the beginning of the nineteenth century?  In that moment, gothic novels took priority in Great Britain. . . . Nothing is more opposite in appearance to the romantic spirit of [Austen’s] six novels. . . . But the works of Jane Austen seem to acquire tradition as time goes by, and even oblivion is good for them.  Not long ago José María Valverde proposed to Spanish audience a new reading of another of her books, Emma, pointing out that it was the best English novel of the nineteenth century. . . . A happy heritage from the past that today appears so unhappy. . . . Austen’s books have psychological refinement, some gradations of almost imperceptible shade, a hidden irony, and, sometimes, pictures of restrained cruelty.  Her economical and social analysis anticipates Victorian society, and her formal Puritanism shows a moderate and smiling skepticism.17

 

Despite this praise of Austen’s depth of psychology and artistry, however, the series did not find an audience.  TVE thought that any British period drama was a warranty of good taste and success, but this adaptation was too brainy for the audience.  Lacking the passionate elements of Poldark, it was not well received.

 

As Elizabeth Bennett [sic] said to her aunt, after bumping into Mr. Darcy in her first visit to Pemberley:  “coming here was the most unfortunate, the most ill-judged thing I have done.”  But the only thing which can save us from abjectness, come hell or high water, is showing these products of rare quality.18

 

The insistence on British drama series through the entire year made Grandes Relatos fail.  The dramas were not as good as others shown before, and people became dissatisfied.  There were no other channels but TVE, and the over-use of these drama shows made the negative criticism grow greater every day.  When Persuasion, directed by Howard Baker, was shown in November, with a grey introduction that defined Jane Austen as a dark and sad spinster, there were negative comments (Crespo Allué, “Algunas ideas” 299).  At least some of these views recognized Jane Austen’s work, but the lack of quality of this old adaptation of Persuasion made the critics angry with it:

 

It is seen that the sirs from Pandora’s Box are devoted to systematically wearing a matter out. . . . The fact is that Pandora’s Box has opened, and a series of boring vices has jumped out from it, directed toward Great Britain.19

 

Next week Persuación [sic] looms over us. . . . [W]e crave something lighter. . . . [F]rankly, the old-fashioned loves of English naval captains, after having beaten French and Spanish armies at Trafalgar, are what we don’t crave.  Undoubtedly, the novel Persuasion from Jane Austen—one of the greatest writers in English language from the nineteenth century—does not persuade us.  We are a bit satiated with unwilling love.20

 

A production, equal in achievement to similar series on the three British channels, is arriving on Televisión Española after the absurd delay of eleven years.  The TV film comes at the worst moment in the schedule of Grandes Relatos on one hand, there is an inflation of British series, which TV schedulers piled up during the last two months, with scarce consciousness of moderation, abundant in similar subjects and periods; and on the other hand, the shocking drop in the ratings of the show.  The last two waves that TVE has announced reveal that Grandes Relatos is below average, among the least accepted shows. . . . It will probably disappear in the coming January.21

The insistence on and over-use of British period series ensured that people, wanting to see another kind of TV series and miniseries, were exhausted by nineteenth-century British period drama. British period drama, then, became completely forgotten in television during the decade.

 

Viewers had to wait years for another adaptation, indeed until the tremendous success of Ang Lee’s Sense and Sensibility (1995).  After that film won great awards, and after period films like Kenneth Branagh’s Much Ado About Nothing and Merchant-Ivory’s The Remains of the Day became popular, film distributors supported the distribution in Spain of Sense and Sensibility, which had a good audience and wonderful reviews.22   Austen became more popular with Spanish film audiences and with future readers.  Further, the new fashion for period films ensured that other Austen films were released in Spain:  Doug McGrath’s Emma, Patricia Rozema’s Mansfield Park, and even a limited distribution of Roger Michell’s Persuasion.

 

Unfortunately, there were no similar chances for TV adaptations in Spain.  Simon Langton’s 1995 Pride and Prejudice and Diarmuid Lawrence’s 1996 Emma were shown on cable television, and the former was quite successful among readers who looked for it, thanks to internet information and the influence of books like Bridget Jones’s Diary.  Unluckily, Pride and Prejudice was not released on DVD in Spain until 2004 and in Mexico not until 2006.

 

Currently, Spanish-speaking audiences can see major Hollywood films such as the 2005 Pride & Prejudice in cinemas when they are released.  The success of films like this one in Spain has made DVD distributors want to release British series or television films like BBC’s North and South and Middlemarch.  Because period drama is becoming more popular and again has an audience, Spanish audiences can now find these kinds of period adaptations on cinema, cable television, or DVD.

 

 

Although there have been some TVE adaptations of Spanish novels in the last decade—adaptations that were more attractive and satisfying than old productions—, the last big production was of the late-nineteenth-century realist novel La Regenta, in 1995 (Ruscalleda).  These productions diminished when the existence of private and cable channels, which produced modern series about Spanish families like Farmacia de Guardia or Médico de Familia, caused a crisis for TVE.  These more contemporary series were very successful and proposed a new model of family life.  This success lasted until the first decade of the new century, when the family model changed again.  Since then, television has been constrained by the decadence of a postmodernist media with little patience for traditional narratives or historical fiction, particularly those with happy endings.

 

Consequently, nowadays, it is quite difficult to watch Spanish versions of Austen’s masterpieces.  Spanish cinema and television prefer modern urban stories, so period drama is almost nonexistent, except for films such as El Abuelo or Alatriste, which try to import the book into the audience’s contemporary life and include anachronistic, modern perspectives.  The only Spanish-made period dramas available are, like Pan’s Labyrinth, mainly about the Spanish Civil War.  Meanwhile, Spanish-speaking audiences can see major Hollywood films such as the 2005 Pride & Prejudice, which attracts international fame and influence.

 

While Spanish television viewers were introduced to Jane Austen within the very first years of the medium, the over-use of British period drama made broadcasters see the genre as a risky and unprofitable, so it was never pursued again.  No more television productions were made, and there were no more attempts to buy foreign television productions.  The general acculturation of Spanish society through the centuries kept it away from classic writers and their works.  Even the publication of Austen’s books did not seem profitable until the production of cinema adaptations showed that her works could attract audiences.  According to this dynamic, readers demand the publication of popular films and series, rather than films and series being dependent upon the success of the novels, as was the case with Harry Potter in the U. S., for example.

 

Though a low level of interest in nineteenth-century British literature is still the situation in Spanish speaking countries, the distribution of these stories through the media has helped overcome it a bit.  Many people now share conversations via internet, which has become a powerful medium to share Austen’s art with a great number of Spanish-speaking readers from different parts of the world—Mexico, Peru, Colombia, Argentina, Chile, Spain and others—new communities united, thanks to this great writer.  The conversations are about books, characters, editions, and films, among other topics.  Nowadays, Jane Austen is more known than ever among Spanish-speaking readers, who dream with her love stories and savor her witty and ironical point of view, both timeless and universal.

 


Orgullo y Prejuicio (1966)

 

 

Cast and crew of Spanish Productions

(information from Tele Radio [1966] and Tele-programa [1967, 1968, 1972])

 

Orgullo y Prejuicio  (Pride and Prejudice)

 

Cast

 

 

Darcy

Pedro Pecci

 

Isabel (Elizabeth)

Elena María Tejeiro

 

Sra. Benet (Mrs. Bennet)

Luisa Sala

 

Sr. Benet (Mr. Bennet)

Angel Terrón

 

Jenny (Jane)

Nuria Carresi

 

Bengley (Bingley)

Victor Valverde

 

Carol (Carolina)

Carmen Sáez

 

Lina (Lydia)

Tina Sainz

 

Mary

Conchita Goyanes

 

Charlotte

Alicia Hermida

 

Capitán Cárter (Captain Carter)

Ramón Reparaz

 

Lady Lucas

Mimi Muñoz

 

Sir Lucas

Enrique Vivó

 

Señora Hill (Mrs. Hill)

Felisa Alcalde

 

Coronel Foster (Colonel Foster)

Manuel Alberdi

 

Oficial

Federico Contreras

 

 

 

 

Crew

 

 

Director

Alberto González Vergel

 

Script

José Méndez Herrera

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Emma

 

Cast

 

 

Emma

Lola Cardona

 

Ana (Miss Taylor)

Luisa Sala

 

Kniley (Knightley)

Arturo López

 

Harriet Smith

Ana María Vidal

 

Woodhouse

Miguel Aguado

 

Sra. Bates (Mrs. Bates)

Luchy Sotos

 

Weston

Manuel Torremocha

 

Janne Faira (Jane Fairfax)

Lola Herrera

 

James (Robert Martin)

Alberti Bove

 

Elton

Pastor Serrador

 

Frank Weston (Frank Churchill)

Pepe Martín

 

Ford

Adolfo del Rio

 

Sra. Goddard (Mrs. Goddard)

Magda Roger

 

Sra. Elton (Mrs. Elton)

Concha Cuetos

 

 

 

 

Crew

 

 

Director

Manuel Aguado

 

Script

Hermogenes Sainz

 

Director assistant

Hugo Stuven

 

Production assistant

Jose Millán R. Redondo

 

 

 

La Abadía de Northanger  (Northanger Abbey)

Cast

 

Isabel Thorpe (Isabella)

Alicia Hermida

Catalina Morland (Catherine)

Lola Herrera

Henry Tilney

Pepe Martín

Sra. Allen (Mrs. Allen)

Nelida Quiroga

General Tilney

Felix Dafauce

James Morland

Ricardo Tundidor

John Thorpe

Manuel Tejada

Sr. Allen (Mr. Allen)

Jose Sepúlveda

Sra. Thorpe (Mrs Thorpe)

María Luisa Arias

Eleanor Tilney

María Saavedra

Frederick Tilney

Juan Lizarraga

Cartero (postman)

Antonio Acebal

 

 

Crew

 

Director

Pedro Amalio López

Script

Ricardo López Aranda

 

 

Persuasión  (Persuasion)

Cast

 

Ana (Anne)

Mayte Blasco

Isabel (Elizabeth)

Carmen Fortuny

Sir Walter

Andrés Mejuto

Penélope

Pilar Puchol

Michael Trent (Frederick Wentworth)

Juan Diego

Sr. Croft (Mr. Croft)

Alberto Bove

Sra. Russell (Lady Russell)

Mayrata O'Wisiedo

Sra. 1 (Lady #1)

Maruja Isbert

Sra. 2 (Lady #2)

Maruja Recio

Mary

Lourdes Benedicto

Criado (Servant)

Salvador Orjas

William

Victor Valverde

Enriqueta (Henrietta)

Lolita Losada

Carlos (Charles)

Jaime Redondo

María Elliot (Mary Elliot)

Amparo Pamplona

Sra. Musgrove (Mrs. Musgrove)

Camino Delgado

Haville (Harville)

Juan Llaneras

 

 

Crew

 

Director

Federico Ruiz

Script

Hermógenes Sainz

 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

 

I started this paper in September 2006 due to a personal interest in and admiration of Jane Austen and a curiosity to read research or works about her in Spanish.  From that time onwards I have been helped and encouraged by some people I would like to acknowledge:  Andrés Martínez and his wife, Carlos Ruscalleda, Aída Díaz Bild, Verónica López-Aranda, Susana Tezanos, the ‘burgomaestres’ from Lady Filstrup, Rocío Berlanga, Alejandro López, the great Cinthia García, and the wonderful Almudena Romero.  Of course, there are other important people such as my family and friends, JACastellano and other austenitas, and the librarians from the University of Málaga and the Archivo Municipal, who were really kind.

Special thanks to Inger Sigrun Brodey and Susan Allen Ford, without whom this essay would have been impossible to complete.

 

NOTES

 

1.  “Cuyas obrillas son muy morales sin ser fuera del todo, ni de modo alguno pedante” (qtd. in Moreno 174).

 

2.  “Más rica en producciones de este género la literatura inglesa, ofrece gran número de obras satíricas notables, en prosa y en verso. Swift (1667-1745), Sterne (1713-1768), Lord Byron, Moore, Austin[sic], son los más distinguidos satíricos de Inglaterra.  Pero la forma que habitualmente toma allí la Sátira, es la novela” (Revilla and Alcántara, Lección LIII).

 

3.  La Cuestión Palpitante was a controversial book in nineteenth-century Spain because it showed new ideas like naturalism against conservativism.  Emile Zola said about it:  “It is a very well done book, of fiery controversy:  it does not seem a lady’s book.  Those pages can not be written in a dressing room. . . . The book has chapters of great interest and in general, it is an excellent guide for those who travel through the regions of naturalism and who do not want to get lost in its dilemmas or obscure turns.  I can not hide my astonishment in the fact that Mrs. Pardo Bazán is Catholic, a fervent militant, and at the same time a naturalistic writer; and I can only explain it from what I hear—that the naturalism of that lady is purely serious, artistic and literary” (qtd. in Escobar).  [“Es libro muy bien hecho, de fogosa polémica:  no parece libro de señora.  Aquellas páginas no han podido escribirse en el tocador. . . . Tiene el libro capítulos de gran interés y, en general, es excelente guía para cuantos viajen por las regiones del naturalismo y no quieran perderse en sus encrucijadas y oscuras revueltas.  Lo que no puedo ocultar es mi extrañeza de que la señora pardo Bazán sea católica, ferviente militante, y a la vez naturalista; y me lo explico sólo por lo que oigo decir de que el naturalismo de esa señora es puramente formal, artístico y literario.”]

 

4.  Comenzaban las mujeres a conquistar el territorio que hoy señorean, y se leían con afán los Cuentos Morales de miss Edgeworth, y sonaban los nombres de miss Mary Russell Milford, miss Austen, mistress Opie, lady Morgan, mistress Shelly” (Pardo Bazán, Ch. 17 “En Inglaterra”).

 

5.  “Pues fijémonos sólo en las novelistas más conocidas, y resulta que deben el ser a ministros, rectores y vicarios, Jane Austen, Jorge Elliot, Frances Trollope (tronco de la numerosa y célebre familia novelista Trollope), las tres nombradísimas Currer, Ellis y Acton Bell, Eliza Linn Linton Elizabeth Gaskell (hija de un reverendo y mujer de otro, por más señas). . . . Mas no por eso es menos cierto lo que digo del carácter predicador que aquellas diaconisas imprimen a las letras” (Pardo Bazán, Appendix:  “Respuesta a la epístola del señor marqués de premio-real”).

 

6.  De una profunda psicología, Jane Austen cala las almas y las expone con una sencillez y una ausencia total de aparatos técnicos que hacen de sus novelas narraciones perfectas, de penetrante y suave emoción” (Orgullo y Prejuicio, Calpé introduction).

 

7.  See the list of translations at the end of this essay.  For more references, see Romero Sánchez and Romero Sánchez or “Iberlibro.”

 

8.  “Ya Jane Austen desplegaba este don de la inteligencia, pues no fue solo ironía lo que la hizo decir en cierta ocasión, que sus materiales de trabajo los extraía de la observación perspicaz de la vida, de tres o cuatro familias aldeanas.  Con ello nos demostraba el talento observador capaz de manejar personajes, situaciones y lo que es más importante, como con estos elementos llegar luego a la utilización adecuada usándolos como fermento en su creación literaria” (Segura 7).

 

9.  “Cinco preciosidades de muchachas en busca de marido.  Una es atrevida, otra deslumbrante, otra astuta, otra rebelde y una inteligente.  ¿Consiguen su propósito?  La visión del film contestará esta pregunta.  Evocación de una época en que las muchachas deseaban encontrar novio simulaban todo lo contrario.  Una comedia que provoca la risa, inspirada en la novela de Jane Austen, leída y admirada por más de diez millones de lectores” (Teatro Cervantes).

 

10.  Unfortunately, I was not able to see any of the adaptations because TVE’s warehouse does not have open access, and the films aren’t available for purchase.  I have, however, found out that copies of all the series but Pride and Prejudice exist.

 

11.  “Durante su desarrollo de diez capítulos, el público femenino ha tenido la ocasión de admirar el arte literario de una de las más grandes escritoras inglesas de los siglos XVIII-XIX.  Con tal novela, las telespectadoras han podido conocer las tendencias argumentales que privaban en aquel tiempo y de las que Jane Austen fue casi precursora.  Nos agradaría que Novela estuviese dedicado íntegramente, en todas sus ediciones, a difundir las obras de aquellos escritores que han merecido ocupar un lugar preminente [sic] en la historia de la literatura. . . . La Abadía de Northanger responde a lo que debiera ser Novela:  un exponente televisivo de la literatura” (Saga).

 

12.  “Términos medios, o sea adaptaciones adecuadas, respetuosas, que conservan el lenguaje y preocupaciones originales de la novela manipulada, yo no conozco, aunque no niegue que las haya habido. . . . He asistido a los asesinatos y componendas más raras y curiosas que puedan cometerse con cualquier ingenio de la novela del siglo pasado” (Rodríguez 67).

 

13.  “Porque en los años que llevo viéndolo, todos los ambientes son del siglo XIX, todos los personajes están tristes y los temas son tan complicados. . . . Pero además hay otra característica común en todas esas novelas y es su origen extranjero” (Díaz-Plaja 111-12).

 

14.  “En Televisión, Orgullo y Prejuicio ha pasado casi de puntillas, con una discreción tímida y como desolada, tras las alharacas de Poldark . . . y en vísperas del despliegue nacional de Fortunata y Jacinta. . . . Hacen falta siglos-luz de educación cultural y televisiva para apreciar este producto de rara calidad, prodigiosamente vertido ‘a la británica,’ y con un diálogo excepcional.  Ni nuestro medio, ni nuestro público estaban preparados para esta pequeña sorpresa.  En pleno romanticismo, hasta el gran maestro de la novela histórica, sir Walter Scott, se mostraba fascinado por los libros de la discreta Jane Austen.  Para el mercado español es dificil pasar de Ivanhoe a las hermanas Bennett [sic]” (Conte).

 

15.  “Esta semana se nos marcha sin pena ni gloria ‘Orgullo y Prejuicio’ de la escritora inglesa Jane Austen.  Esta obra perfeccionista y sorprendentemente bella, sobre todo en la forma, ambientes y decorados deja paso, el miércoles a unos ‘Grandes Relatos’ españoles” (Villodres).

 

16.  “Es de justicia mencionar una vez más, la depurada técnica de los realizadores de la BBC y el provecho que sacan de su excelente cuadro de actores. . . . El arte de novelar en su estado puro cuadra perfectamente con la técnica de Jane Austen que desarrolla los personajes y las situaciones con elegancia y finura y facilita por ello la labor de los adaptadores al medio televisivo. . . . El talento de los actores—con la sutil belleza de Elizabeth Bennett en primer término—hace el resto” (Baget Herms, “Orgullo” 75).

 

17.  “¿A quién pueden interesar las anodinas aventuras de cinco jovencitas británicas de la pequeña clase media rural, obsesionadas por el matrimonio, a principios del siglo XIX?  En aquel entonces, en Gran Bretaña primaban las llamadas novelas góticas. . . . Nada más opuesto en apariencia al espíritu romántico que las seis novelas. . . . Pero las obras de Jane Austen parecen cobrar solera con el paso del tiempo, y hasta el olvido les sienta bien.  Hace poco José María Valverde proponía al público español una nueva lectura de otro de sus libros, Emma, señalando que tal vez se trataba de la mejor novela inglesa del siglo XIX. . . . Feliz herencia de un pasado que hoy se nos aparece tan infeliz. . . . En los libros de la Austen hay una finura psicológica excepcional, unas gradaciones de matices casi imperceptibles, una soterrada ironía y a veces retratos comedidamente crueles.  Sus análisis económicos y sociales preludian la sociedad victoriana, y su puritanismo formal transluce un escepticismo moderado y sonriente” (Conte).

 

18.  “Lo más probable es que la serie no haya gustado demasiado. . . . Como dijo Elizabeth Bennett [sic] a su tía, tras tropezar con el señor Darcy en su primera visita a Pemberley:  ‘Venir aquí ha sido lo más desafortunado que he podido hacer.’  Pero sólo nos puede salvar de la abyección la insistencia, contra viento y marea, en presentar productos de esta rara calidad” (Conte).

 

19.  “Está visto que los señores de la Caja de Pandora se dedican sistemáticamente a machacar un tema. . . . El hecho es que la caja de Pandora se ha entreabierto y de ella han saltado una serie de vicios púmbleos, dirigidos hacia la Gran Bretaña” (“La Caja de Pandora”).

 

20.  “Esta semana se cierne sobre nosotros ‘Persuación’ [sic]. . . . [N]os apetecía algo más ligero. . . . Y francamente, los amores demodés de los capitanes de Marina inglesa, después de haber batido a franceses y españoles en Trafalgar, pues no apetece.  Indiscutiblemente, la novela Persuasión, de Jane Austen—una de las grandes novelistas en habla inglesa del siglo XIX—no nos persuade. Estamos un poco saciados de amores a contrapelo” (“La Caja de Pandora”).

 

21.  “Una obra a la altura de productos similares de las tres cadenas británicas, pero que llega a Televisión, Española con el absurdo retraso de once años.  El telefilme viene además en un pésimo momento para la programación de Grandes relatos por una parte, debido a la inflación de series británicas que los directivos apelotonaron en los dos últimos meses, con escaso sentido de la medida, abundantes en temáticas y épocas análogas y, por otra parte, el escandaloso descenso en el panel de aceptación de programas.  Las dos últimas oleadas hechas públicas por RTVE revelan que el espacio Grandes relatos se situó por de bajo de la media, entre los de peor aceptación. . . . La fórmula probablemente desaparecerá en el próximo mes de enero” (P. O.).

 

22.  “The film distributors of Sense and Sensibility (Albéniz) have waited until now to include it on the marquee due to the promising outlook of the film at this moment of successive awards.”  (Albéniz was the name of the movie theater where Sense and Sensibility was shown in Málaga). [“Los distribuidores de “Sentido y Sensibilidad” (Albéniz) han esperado hasta ahora para incluirla en la cartelera ante las buenas perspectivas del film de cara a esta época de sucesivos repartos galardones” (Griñán 67)]

 

Books and Articles Cited

 

ACCET.  “Premios Nacionales de Traducción: primera etapa.”  ACETT 2007.  28 July 2007 http://www.acett.org.

Baget Herms, Josep Maria.  “40 años de nuestra TVE.”  La Vanguardia 27 Oct. 1996.

_____.  Historia de la televisión en España (1956-1975).  Barcelona: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 1992.

_____.  “Orgullo y Prejuicio.”  La Vanguardia 6 May 1980: 75.

“La Caja de Pandora.”  Diario Sur [Málaga] 16, 23 Nov. 1980.

Crespo Allué, María José.  La problemática de las versiones españolas de Persuasión de Jane Austen: crítica de su traducción.  Valladolid: Universidad de Valladolid, 1981.

_____.  “Algunas ideas sobre la adaptación a la pequeña pantalla de Persuasión de Jane Austen.”  ES: Revista de filología inglesa 11 (1980): 295-324.

Conte.  “Un pequeño gran relato.”  El País [Madrid] 7 May 1980.

Díaz Bild, Aida.  “Still the Great Forgotten?  The Reception of Jane Austen in Spain.”  The Reception of Jane Austen in Europe.  Ed. Anthony Mandal and Brian Southam.  London: Continuum, 2007.  188-204.

Díaz-Plaja, Fernando.  La pantalla chica.  Barcelona: Plaza & Janés, 1974.  111-14.

Diego, Patricia.  “La producción de miniseries durante la etapa hegemónica de TVE (1956-90).”  Navarra: Universidad de Navarra, 2005.  29 Feb. 2008 www.unav.es/fcom/cicom/PDF%20Comunicaciones/grupo%204/patricia%20diego.pdf.

Escobar, Julia.  “La Cuestión Palpitante.”  Libertad Digital S. A. 2002.  7 Dec. 2007 http://revista.libertaddigital.com/articulo.php/1275320277.

Espín, Manuel, dir.  “Los géneros la Televisión: Los años dorados del teatro.”  La aventura del saber.  TVE, Madrid.  26 Oct. 2006.

Fielding, Helen.  Bridget Jones’s DiaryLondon: Picador, 2001.

García Barrón, Carlos.  La obra crítica y literaria de Don Antonio Alcalá Galiano Madrid: Gredos, 1970.  153-88.

Griñán, Francisco.  “El cine en Málaga.”  Diario Sur [Málaga] 1 Mar. 1996: 67.

“Guiones de televisión.”  Ricardo López Aranda 2007.  1 July 2007 http://www.lopez-aranda.com/guiones-television.php.

La Hora XXV [Barcelona] July 1966.

“Iberlibro: libros nuevos, antiguos, agotados y de ocasión.”  IBERLIBRO 2007.  12 Dec 2007 http://www.iberlibro.com

INE.  “Demografía y población.”  INE 2007.  30 May 2007 http://www.ine.es

“Listado de los TP de Oro 1979.”  Wikipedia 2007.  12 Dec. 2007 http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premios_TP_de_Oro_1979.

Moreno Hurtado, Antonio.  Jane Austen, Juan Valera y Henry James.  Alicante: Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes, 2005.  171-96.

P. O.  “La Tribuna.”  El País [Madrid] 7 Nov. 1980.

Pajares, Eterio.  Censura y Nacionalidad en la traducción de la novela inglesa.  Alicante: Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes, 2007.  345-52.

Palacio, Manuel.  Historia de la televisión en España.  Barcelona: Gedisa, 1992.

Pardo Bazán, Emilia.  La Cuestión Palpitante.  Salamanca: Anaya, 1970.

Pitol, Sergio.  Siete escritores ingleses: de Jane Austen a Virginia Woolf.  México: SepDiana, 1982.

Revilla, Manuel de la, and Pedro Alcántara Garcia.  Principios generales de literatura e historia de la literatura españolaAlicante: Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes, 2000.

Rodríguez, José María.  Carta abierta a Televisión Española.  Madrid: Ediciones 99, 1973.  57-71.

Romero Sánchez, Almudena, and Mari Carmen Romero Sánchez.  “Ediciones Antiguas.”  El Sitio de Jane Austen 2007.  10 Dec. 2007 http://janeausten.zxq.net/edic.htm.

Ruscalleda, Carlos.  “Las Grandes Series.  Prestigio para TVE.”  50 años de TVE en el Telediario.  Televisión Española 2006.  7 Mar. 2008 http://www.rtve.es/tve/50_aniversario/20060625_blog50anyos.htm

Saga.  “Reflejos de TV.”  Diario de Barcelona 8 Dec. 1968.

Segura Velasco, M. José.  “La mujer en la literatura.”  Diario Sur [Málaga] 21 May 1978: 7.

Teatro Cervantes.  “Más fuerte que el Orgullo.”  Diario Sur [Málaga] 27 Feb. 1945: 2.

Tele Radio [Madrid] 1966.

Tele-programa [Madrid] 1967, 1968, 1972.

Villodres, Carmen.  “Fortunada y Jacinta, de Galdós, en Grandes Relatos.”  Diario Sur [Málaga] 4 May 1980: 37.

 

Translations Cited

 

Austen, Jane.  La Abadía de NorthangerColección Universal.  Madrid: Calpé, 1921.

_____.  La Abadía de Northanger.  Madrid. Novelas y Cuentos, 1946.

_____.  La Abadía de Northanger.  Buenos Aires: Espasa Calpé, 1951.

_____.  Cordura y Sensibilidad.  Trans. Fernando Durán.  Barcelona: Regueras, 1946.

_____.  Emma.  Trans. Jaime Bofill y Ferro.  Barcelona: Arimany, 1945.

_____.  Orgullo y Prejuicio.  Colección Universal.  Madrid: Calpé, 1924.

_____.  Orgullo y Prejuicio.  Madrid: Novelas y Cuentos, 1949.

_____.  Orgullo y Prejuicio.  Colección Universal.  Madrid: Calpé, 1924.

_____.  Orgullo y Prejuicio.  Buenos Aires: Juventud, 1945.

_____.  Orgullo y Prejuicio.  México: Cumbre, 1959.

_____.  El parque de Mansfield.  Trans. Guillermo Villalonga.  Barcelona: Tartessos, 1943.

_____.  Persuasión.  Trans. M. Ortega y Gasset.  Colección Universal.  Madrid: Calpé, 1919.

_____.  Persuasión.  Barcelona: Surco, 1945.

_____.  Persuasión.  Barcelona: Juventud, 1958.

 

Film and Video Cited

 

La Abadía de Northanger Dir. Pedro Amalio López.  TVE.  1968.

El Abuelo.  Dir. José Luís Garci.  RTVE.  1998.

Alatriste.  Dir. Agustín Díaz Yanes.  Estudios Picasso.  2006.

La Cabina Dir. Antonio Mercero.  TVE.  1972.

El Conde de Montecristo.  Dir. Pedro Amalio López.  TVE.  1969.

El Crimen de Cuenca Dir. Pilar Miró.  In-Cine.  1981.

Death of a Salesman Dir. Pedro Amalio López.  TVE.  1972.

Emma Dir. Manuel Aguado.  TVE.  1967.

Emma Dir. Douglas McGrath.  Miramax.  1996.

Emma Dir. Diarmuid Lawrence.  Meridian Broadcasting.  1996.

Farmacia de Guardia Dir. Vicente Escrivá.  Antena 3 Televisión.  1991.

The Forsyte Saga Dir. James Cellan Jones and David Giles.  BBC.  1967.

Fortunata y Jacinta Dir. Mario Camus.  RTVE.  1980.

The Fugitive.  Dir. Roy Huggins.  Quinn Martin Productions.  1963.

Hamlet TVE.  1970.

Julio Cesar Dir. Pedro Amalio López.  TVE.  1965.

Little Dorrit—La pequeña Dorrit Dir. Pilar Miró.  TVE.  1965.

Leonardo DaVinci Dir. Renato Castellani.  RAI.  1971.

The Man Who Laughs TVE.  1972.

Mansfield Park Dir. Patricia Rozema.  Miramax.  1999.

Médico de Familia Dir. Guillermo Fernández Groizard.  Estudios Picasso.  1995.

Middlemarch.  Dir. Anthony Page.  BBC.  1994.

Much Ado About Nothing.  Dir. Kenneth Branagh.  BBC.  1993.

North and South.  Dir. Brian Percival.  BBC.  2004.

Orgullo y Prejuicio Dir. Alberto González Vergel.  TVE.  1966.

Pan’s Labyrinth.  Dir. Guillermo del Toro.  Tequila Gang. 2006.

Persuasion.  Dir. Howard Baker.  Granada Television.  1971.

Persuasion Dir. Federico Ruiz.  TVE.  1972.

Persuasion Dir. Roger Michell.  BBC.  1995.

Persuasion.  Dir. Adrian Shergold.  Clerkenwell Films. 2007.

Poldark.  Dir. Christopher Barry.  BBC.  1975.

Pride and Prejudice Dir. Robert Z. Leonard.  MGM.  1940.

Pride and Prejudice.  Dir. Cyril Coke. BBC. 1980.

Pride and Prejudice Dir. Simon Langton.  BBC and A&E Television1995.

Pride & Prejudice Dir. Joe Wright.  Focus Features.  2005.

Ramon y Cajal Dir. José María Forqué.  TVE.  1982.

La Regenta.  Dir. Fernando Méndez Leite.  Classic Films.  1995.

The Remains of the Day Dir. James Ivory.  Merchant Ivory.  1993.

The Saint Dir. John Ainsworth.  Bamore.  1962.

Salem’s Witches Dir. Pedro Amalio López.  TVE.  1965.

Sense and Sensibility Dir. Ang Lee.  Columbia Pictures.  1995.

Shirley TVE.  1972.

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